Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia
Helmuth Hübener

Helmuth Hübener

Helmuth Günther Hübener (1925–42), o se tagata o le Ekalesia i Hamburg, Siamani, o le tagata aupito laitiiti lea o le au tetee a Siamani i le faaNazi na fasiotia i le faatonuga a le Faamasinoga Faapitoa o Tagata (Volksgerichtshof) i Perelini.1 Na amata i le amataga o le 1941, na gaosia ai e Hübener se faasologa o itulau e tetee ai i Nazi lea na aofia ai ma ona lava manatu faaalia faaupufai ma tusitusiga o faasalalauga i leitio a Atunuu Tuufaatasi. Faatasi ai ma le fesoasoani a isi talavou, sa ia tufatufaina atu ai itulau i Hamburg atoa. Ia Fepuari 1942, na maua ai e le Faamasinoga e tausalaina o Hübener i le “taupulepule e solia le foua ogaoga ma lagolagoina faiga taufaalata a le fili” ma poloaiina ai le fasiotiga o ia; na tausalaina foi e le faamasinoga ia ana uo e toatolu o Rudolf Wobbe, Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, ma Gerhard Düwer i le “faalogologo i se ala leitio ese ma le tufatufaina o talafou a ala leitio ese.” O le valu masina mulimuli ane, na fasiotia ai Hübener i le 17 o ona tausaga. O Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer sa faasalaina e galulue i galuega mamafa ma nonofo ai lava i tolauapiga faafalepuipui seia oo i le faaiuga o le Taua Lona Lua o le Lalolagi.2

O Hübener sa fanau i Hamburg i le 1925. O lona tina nofofua o Ema Guddat Kunkel, sa faigaluega e tausi Helmuth ma ona uso matutua e toalua e ese lo la tamā, o Hans ma Gerhard. O se taunuuga, sa faaalu e Helmuth ma ona uso se taimi tele o lo latou talavou ma lo latou tinamatua o Wilhemine Sudrow, o lē sa nofo latalata ane.3 I le 1939 sa faaipoipo ai Ema ia Hugo Hübener, o se tagata kamuta ma o se sui o le Vaega Faaupufai o le Nazi, o lē sa vaetamaina ia Helmuth i se taimi mulimuli ane. Sa le fiafia le toalua fou o Ema i le Ekalesia, ma, e masalo ina ia faamalieina o ia, sa faapea ona lē tumau ai lona toaga [i le Ekalesia] ina ua uma le la faaipoipoga. Ae peitai, sa faaauau pea ona auai Helmuth ma ona uso i le lotu faatasi ma le latou tinamatua.4

E pei o o latou tuaoi, e toatele le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai Siamani na manatu i le taimi muamua i folafolaga a le Vaega Faaupufai a le Nazi e uiga i le faafouina o le mautu o le tamaoaiga ma le faateleina o le mitamita faaleatunuu ma se [agaga o le] faamoemoe. Sa auai nisi o tagata o le Ekalesia i le pati, ae o isi na tetee malosi i le faiga malo. Ae sa tumau pea isi i le lē auai i se vaega.5 Sa vaaitino Helmuth Hübener i lenei felanulanuai o le auai i le pati. O le peresitene o lana paranesi o Arthur Zander, sa avea o se tasi o le Pati a le Nazi lea sa faamalosia tagata o le paranesi e faalogologo i faasalalauga a le pati i le leitio, sa taufaamata’u e lipoti tagata o le ekalesia ona o gaoioiga e tetee ai i le faigamalo, ma, i le 1938, na tuu ai se faailo i luga o le faitotoa o le falelotu e logoina ai tagata Iutaia e lē taliaina i latou.6 E feololo tagata o le ekalesia na fai o latou toniga militeli ma tautua lautele a le Nazi i sauniga a le Ekalesia. I le isi itu, o Otto Berndt, o le peresitene o le itu a Hamburg, sa lauga mai le pulelaa e tetee i tulafono a le malo, ma uunaia faalilolilo le tetee o tagata o le ekalesia, ma sa masani ona savavali faatasi ma tagata Iutaia liliu mai. E ui ina sa auai muamua Hübener i le vaega faalotoifale o le Jungvolk (le vaega na faatulagaina e le Nazi mo tamaiti e laiti tele ona auai i le Autalavou a Hitila), ae sa ia teena talitonuga a le patī.7

I le tautotogo o le 1941, na maua ai e Hübener se tamai leitio na anaina e lona uso o Gerhard ma faaaogaina e faalogologo ai i faasalaluga o talafou i po mai le Ofisa Faasalalau a Peretania (BBC)—o se solitulafono lea i lalo o le tulafono a le Nazi. O nisi taimi, e auai faatasi atu ai ana uo e toalua mai le lotu o Karl-Heinz Schnibbe ma Rudolf (Rudi) Wobbe. Sa le’i umi ae amata fai e Hübener ni itulau tusitusia e tetee i le Nazi sa faapea ona pasi atu ai faamatalaga mai faasalalauga faatasi ai ma ona lava manatu faaalia. O le faaaoga ai o pepa kaponi ma se masini tatusi na nonō mai le paranesi, sa faia ai e Hübener ni kopi o nei itulau tusitusia, ia sa latou faapipiiina ma Schnibbe, ma Wobbe i laupapa puletini a le Pati a le Nazi, faatoulu i magaala pisi, ma tasulu i totonu o pusameli.8 Sa le’i leva ae faapotopoto mai e Hübener nai isi talavou na masani ai e fesoasoani. O Gerhard Düwer, o lē sa faigaluega i le Hamburg Social Authority (Sozialbehörde), lea sa la faigaluega faamasani ai ma Hübener, sa fesoasoani e faalautele le tufatufaga. E ala i se sootaga lemailoa, na feutagai ai foi Hübener mo se lomitusi i Kiel e faia ni kopi se tele o itulau tusitusia.9 I le gasologa o le 10 masina, na gaosi ai e Hübener e oo i le 60 itulau tusitusia eseese na lu’iina ai tautalaga a le pati ma finauina ai tala aloaia e uiga i le taua. Sa faasagasaga tonu atu foi o ia i taitai o le pati. O le Führer [Taitai] “o le a ave tai fiaafe outou e susunu ina ia faauma ai solitulafono na ia amataina,” sa tusia ai e Hübener i se isi laupepa. “O le a faitau afe a outou avā ma fanau o le a avea ma ni fafine ua feoti tane ma matua oti. Mo le leai o se mafuaaga!”10

Ia Fepuari 1942, na pu’eina ai e sui o le Gestapo ia Hübener, Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer i moliaga o solitulafono eseese i lalo o le tulafono a le Nazi, e aofia ai le “taupulepule e faia fouvalega ogaoga.”11 I le aso 11 o Aokuso, i le taimi o se faamasinoga lea na silia teisi ma le iva itula le umi, na suesueina ai le toafa i luma o sui e toatolu o le Faamasinoga Faapitoa o Tagata i Perelini.12 Na ta’usalaina uma le toafa. O Hübener sa faasalaina i le oti, ae o Wobbe, Schnibbe, ma Düwer sa faasalaina i le 4 e oo i le 10 tausaga i tolauapiga e galulue ai i galuega mamafa. O le aso 27 o Oketopa 1942, sa fasiotia ai Hübener e ala i le tipiina o lona ulu.13

Ata
Puipui Faamanatu o le Gedenkstätte Plötzensee

Puipui Faamanatu o le Falepuipui i Gedenkstätte Plötzensee i Perelini, Siamani, lea na fasiotia ai Hübener.

E le’i leva ona uma le pu’eina o Hübener ae tusi e le peresitene o le paranesi o Arthur Zander le “tapeina [le igoa]” i luga o le pepa faamaumau o Helmuth. Ae peitai, sa musu le peresitene o le itu o Otto Berndt e saini faamaonia le faaiuga. O Anthon Huck, o se tasi o le au peresitene o le Misiona a Europa, sa tuuina mai le saini lona lua. Sa fai mai mulimuli ane ni isi o taitai o le Ekalesia, na latou fuafuaina e faataumamao le Ekalesia mai ia Hübener e puipui ai le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mai le toatamai o taitai o le Nazi. Ina ua uma le Taua Lona Lua o le Lalolagi, sa toefaaaoga ai Hübener i le Ekalesia ae ua mavae lona maliu, i le 1948, na faia ai [ona] sauniga o le malumalu e ala i se tagata sui.14

I le fiasefulu o tausaga talu mai le Taua Lona Lua o le Lalolagi, ua manatuaina ai Helmuth Hübener mo lona tetee i le pulega faaNazi. Ua faatuina ni faaaliga faamanatu i se aoga o matata eseese i Hamburg, i le Faamanatu o Siamani Tetee i Berilini, ma i le Falepuipui o Plotzensee, i le mea na fasiotia ai Hübener. Ma le isi, ua faaigoa i lona igoa se nofoaga autu mo tupulaga, se aoga, ma ni auala se lua i Hamburg.15 Talu mai le vaitaimi o le 1940, ua faia ai e vaega faaupufai, vaega faaagafesootai, ma vaega faalelotu ni faamanatuga eseese i le aso 8 o Ianuari (o lona aso fanau) ma le aso 27 o Oketopa (aso na fasiotia ai) e faamanatu ai lona avea o se toa. I le aso 8 o Ianuari, 2020, o se aoga i le falepuipui tutotonu mo tagata talavou e latalata i le falepuipui o Plozensee sa faaigoaina e faamamalu ai o Hübener.16

Autu Fesootai i Ai: Siamani, Taua Lona Lua o le Lalolagi

O Faamatalaga

  1. Erin Blakemore, “Meet the Youngest Person Executed for Defying the Nazis,” History Stories, Aug. 31, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/meet-the-youngest-person-executed-for-defying-the-nazis. Rudi Wobbe and Karl-Heinz Schnibbe published memoirs on their experiences resisting the Nazi regime alongside Hübener; see Rudi Wobbe and Jerry Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1992), republished as Three against Hitler (American Fork, Utah: Covenant Communications, 1992); Karl-Heinz Schnibbe, Alan F. Keele, and Douglas F. Tobler, The Price: The True Story of a Mormon Who Defied Hitler (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1984). E anoanoai isi tusi (talafatu ma talamoni), tusiga ma tala ua tusiaina e uiga ia Hübener.

  2. People’s Court, Verdict, Document 52 in Blair R. Holmes and Alan F. Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason: German Youth against Hitler: The Story of the Helmuth Hübener Group, 2nd ed. (Provo: Stratford Books, 2003), 219–20; District Court Hamburg, Arrest Warrant, Document 16 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 174–75; Rudolf Wobbe, Statement, Document 66 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 259–62; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 74. Tagai foi i le Autu: Taua Lona Lua o le Lalolagi.

  3. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 14; Richard Lloyd Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler: A Biography of Helmuth Hübener, German Teenage Resistance Leader, 2nd ed. (Provo: Academic Research Foundation, 2004), 1–2; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 20.

  4. Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 20; Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 5–6.

  5. Tagai i le Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler; David Conley Nelson, Moroni and the Swastika: Mormons in Nazi Germany (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015), 99–104. E ui ina faapea mai Nelson o le lagolago a tagata o le Ekalesia mo talitonuga a le pati sa ova atu ma le “sina puipuiga,” o le toatele lava o molimau vaaitino na faamatalaina o se “auai musuā” na aumaia e le manao e puipui i latou lava, o latou aiga, ma le Ekalesia mai faasalavei a le malo, faafalepuipui, po o [mea] e sili atu le leaga. Mo se faataitaiga, tagai Otto Berndt, Statement, Document 65 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 257.

  6. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 28–32; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 22–24.

  7. Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 23–24, 27–28, 61, 71–73; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 15, 31–32, 39; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 16, 22.

  8. Wobbe, Statement, 259; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 25–27; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 34–39.

  9. Holmes and Keele, eds., When Truth Was Treason, 336n8.

  10. Helmuth Hübener, “I’ve Calculated for Everything,” Document 42 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 208. E tusa ai ma faamaumauga tusitusia i le moliaga, na mauaina e le Gestapo itulau e 29, e aofia ai “itulau laiti e 9” ma itulau atoatoa e 20; tagai i le lisi atoa ma faamatalaga o nei itulau i le Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 191–93, 221–24.

  11. Chief State Counsel of the Hanseatic Higher Regional Court, Criminal Case against Hübener, Document ## in Holmes and Keele, eds., and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 180–82. I isi itu o le solitulafono sa faamatalaina foi o se “sauniuniga mo le fouvalega tele atu”; tagai i le District Court Hamburg, Arrest Warrant, 174–75; Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 66–67. O le “Gestapo” o le faapuupuuga o le Geheime Staatspolizei (“Leoleo Nanā a le Malo”).

  12. Wobbe and Borrowman, Before the Blood Tribunal, 69–76; Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, 51–54.

  13. People’s Court, Verdict, 219–31; Attorney General’s Office of the People’s Court, Report of Execution, 27 Oct. 1942, Document 62 in Holmes and Keele, eds. and trans., When Truth Was Treason, 241–42.

  14. Berndt, Statement, 258–59. Sa faamalamalama mai e Otto Berndt: “Sa faia lenei mea ia aloese ai mai nisi faafitauli i le pati a le [Nazi]. O le Au Paia o e na talitonu i manatu o Siamani Fou … na faia mea na latou faia ona sa latou talitonu o le mea sili lea mo le Ekalesia ma le atunuu. Sa faaalia le salamo ma le faamagalo atu e tagata uma sa aafia ai ina ua uma le taua” (Berndt, Statement, 258–59). Tagai foi Dewey, Hübener vs. Hitler, 174.

  15. Tagai i le https://helmuthhuebener.de; Helmuth Hübener Exhibition, “Memorial in Hamburg in Remembrance of Nazi Crimes,” https://gedenkstaetten-in-hamburg.de/en/memorials/show/helmuth-huebener-ausstellung-1; Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, “Helmuth Hübener,” https://www.gdw-berlin.de/en/recess/biographies/index_of_persons/biographie/view-bio/helmuth-huebener; Brigitte Oleschinski, Plötzensee Memorial Center (Berlin: German Resistance Memorial, 2002), 31.

  16. Schnibbe, Keele, and Tobler, The Price, ix; “Schule der Berliner Jugendstrafanstalt wird Helmuth-Hübener-Schule,” https://presse-de.kirchejesuchristi.org/artikel/schule-der-berliner-jugendstrafanstalt-wird-helmuth-huebener-schule.