Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia
Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi

“Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi,” O Autu o le Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia (2022)

“Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi,” O Autu o le Talafaasolopito o le Ekalesia

Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi

I le manatu lautele o le taua aupito sili ona leaga ma oo mamao i le talafaasolopito o le lalolagi, o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi na ufitia uma ai konetineta ma itulagi o le sami, e aofia ai le sili atu ma le 100 miliona tagata fitafita, ma iu ai i le tusa ma le 60 miliona na maliliu.1

O mafuaaga o le taua sa matua lavelave. I le vaitau o le 1930, sa faateteleina feteenaiga i Europa ma Asia ma amata ona toso mai ai i totonu teritori ma paaga a atunuu na aafia ai.2 E oo atu i le 1939, ua lua itu na aliae mai: o malo Axis, sa faatonutonuina e Siamani, Iapani, ma Italia; ma malo Aufaatasi, sa faatonutonuina e Saina, Farani, le Soviet Union, Peretania ma le Iunaite Setete.3 Na taumafai malo Axis e suia le faatulagaga faavaomalo sa i ai i se faatulagaga faalemalo fou; ae sa taumafai malo Aufaatasi e puipuia le poloaiga sa i ai ma faaleleia la latou aufaatasi e faasaga i le Axis.4 Na pa mai le taua i Europa ina ua osofaia e autau a Siamani ia Polani ia Setema 1939. Na faaiuina toeitiiti atoa le ono tausaga mulimuliane, i le 1945, ina ua togi le solo o taitai au Siamani ia Me ma na sosoo ai ma taitai au Iapani ia Setema.5

Na aafia le Au Paia o Aso e Gata ai i le taua i le tele o nofoaga ma ona o lo latou faamaoni i o latou atunuu eseese. A o loloto pea le taufaamatau o le taua i Europa i le 1938, na aveesea mo sina taimi ia faifeautalai sa auauna i Siamani agai i Tenimaka ma Holani, ma amata ona saunia e taitai misiona tagata o le Ekalesia i le lotoifale mo se tulaga o faalavelave faafuasei. O aso a o lumanai le osofaiga a Siamani o Polani i le 1939, na faatonuina ai e le Au Peresitene Sili ia le aveeseina o faifeautailai Amerika i Matu uma lava mai Europa—toeitiiti 800 faifeautalai ma le 23 peresitene o misiona ma o latou aiga.6 Ina ua folafola e Peretania ma Farani le taua ia Siamani e tali atu ai i le osofaiga, e tusa ma le 20 i le 30 afe tagata o le Ekalesia sa nonofo i le konetineta o Europa, o le toatele lava sa nonofo i totonu o Misiona a Siamani Sasae ma Sisifo. Sa auai fitafita o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mai Peretania Tele, Kanata, Ausetalia, Niu Sila, ma Aferika i Saute i le amataga o galuega faafitafita Aufaatasi. I masina mulimuliane, na aliae isi nofoaga fou o le taua i Aferika, Asia, Sasae Tutotonu, ma le Pasefika. Ia Iuni 1940, sa matua pisi ai fitafita o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i le aveesega a Dunkirk o tagata mai Farani i Matu, ma o nisi o i latou sa pueina ma fasiotia. O tagata o le Ekalesia mai itu uma o le feteenaiga na oo i le falepuipui o ni pagota o taua.7

Ia Tesema 7, 1941, na osofaia ai e le Malo o Iapani le nofoaga faamiliteli a le Iunaite Setete i Pearl Harbor, Hawaii—o se osofaiga faafuasei lea na vave lava ona mulimulitaia e se folafolaga o se taua mai le Iunaite Setete, lea na tusa pe 90 pasene o tagata o le Ekalesia sa nonofo ai i lea taimi.8 I le 1942, na taofia mo sina taimi e taitai o le Ekalesia le valaauina o alii agavaa e tau mai le Iunaite Setete i misiona faafaifeautalai ae galulue ai e faalautele le numera o taitai faalelotu o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai i le militeli. Na volenitia le faitau afe o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai mo auaunaga faafitafita ma vave lava ona tofia i atunuu o le lalolagi atoa, o le toatele o isi na ave faamalosi, ma o nisi na tetee i taua o ni tagata tetee i o latou lava lotofuatiaifo.9

O osofaiga masani a pomu i Europa na faaleagaina ai nofoaga o loo pulea uma e Axis ma malo Aufaatasi. Sa matuai mafatia lava le olaga faaleaiga—o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai na o ese mai taua sa feagai ma taufaamata’u faaletino ma le le lava o meaai. Sa tauivi aulotu i le lotoifale e faatumuina avanoa na tuua e i latou na valaauina e auauna i le taua. E ui lava i sauaga ma le leai o se lagolago mai i si o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai, ae na faauau pea ona fono tagata o le Ekalesia i Europa, faia konafesi, ma faamaopoopo le toomaga. I totonu o misiona, na auauna alii ma tamaitai o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai o le lotoifale o ni faifeautalai i fuainumera tetele atu ma fesoasoani e faamautu aulotu ma faasalalau atu le savali o le talalelei.10

O Le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi e masani ona maitauina mo sauaga tetele naua faasaga i tagata e le o ni tagata tau ma pagota, ia na tutupu i le taimi o le feteenaiga.11 O le Pati a Tagata Faigaluega Siamani Faaleatunuu Faaleagafesootai (National Socialist German Workers’ Party (or Nazi Party)) (po o le Pati Nasi), lea na taitaia e le Alii Sili o Siamani o Adolf Hitler, na faamalosia faiga faafalepuipui ma faaumatiaga lea e lauiloa o le Fasiotiga Tele (Holocaust), po o le Shoah, lea na iu ai i le fasiotia o le tusa ma le ono miliona Iutaia ma isi vaega na tulimatai i ai e aofia ai Molimau a Ieova, Siniti, Roma, alii e tosina i isi alii, tagata e le atoatoa le malosi, ma tagata tetee faapolokiki.12 O faiga saua i taimi o taua e le’i faapito i le Fasiotiga Tele, e pei ona fasia faatigainaina ai e isi atunuu faamiliteli ia fitafita ma tagata lautele e pueina, faia o faataitaiga suesue i tagata, faamatelaina, ma le fasioti tagata. O ni fuainumera tetele naua o tamaitai sa faaoolima i ai faafeusuaiga.13 O tagata lautele i itu uma o le feteenaiga na i ai taimi na tulimataia ai e au a fitafita ina ia talepe ai le agaga ma le tetee.14 O le Faamasinoga Faamiliteli Faavaomalo (The International Military Tribunal) na faatulagaina i le 1945 e Peretania, Farani, o le Soviet Union, ma le Iunaite Setete na molia ai taitaiau o Nasi mo soligatulafono tau taua i Nuremberg, Siamani. I se tausaga mulimuliane, na amata ai faamasinoga o soligatulafono tau taua a taitaiau Iapani e le Faamasinoga Faamiliteli Faavaomalo mo Sasae Mamao.15

O le faasaolotoina o le tele o Europa mai pulega a Siamani i le 1944–45 na vaaia ai le faitau miliona o tagata sa faamalosia e tuua o latou aiga ma le toe tusia o tuaoi o le atunuu. O tekinolosi ma auupega fou na iu i le matua faaumatiaga tele naua. Faatasi ai ma faalavelave tuga o le taua, o le faaaogaina faataumaoi e le Iunaite Setete o pomu atomika i aai e lua o Iapani. E le i sao atunuu e lei faaituau mai aafiaga o le taua, ma o le toe faaleleia mai le faaleagaina matuia o le tamaoaiga o le lalolagi na alu ai le tele o tausaga. O le faitau miliona o tagata na sao mai i sone o taua na faaauau pea ona nofo mafatia i le leai o ni malutaga, manuaga tuga, ma o nisi taimi o galuega, e ui lava ina ua uma le taua.

Ina ua uma le taua, na lipotia mai e le Komiti o le Au Tautua Faafitafita a le Ekalesia faapea e toeitiiti lava 6,000 o fitafita o le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai na fasiotia, manunua, pe faailoa mai ua misi i le taua. E sili atu i le 1,300 le Au Paia o Aso e Gata Ai Siamani ma Austria na maliliu o se taunuuga o faiga faafitafita.16 I lalo o le taitaiga i le taimi lena a Elder Ezra Taft Benson, na tuuina atu ai e le Ekalesia le fesoasoani i tagata o le Ekalesia sa tauivi pea i Europa i tausaga e tele na sosoo ai ma le faamutaina o le taua.

Autu Fesootai: Taua 1 a le Lalolagi, Servicemember Branches, Helmuth Hübener

  1. Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 3, 894.

  2. I le John Ferris and Evan Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3 vol. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 1:4; John A. Vasquez, “The Causes of the Second World War in Europe: A New Scientific Explanation,” International Political Science Review, vol. 17, nu. 2 (Ape. 1996), 164–71.

  3. I le Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 1:22.

  4. I le Ferris and Mawdsley, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 1:25–26.

  5. Evan Mawdsley, World War II: A New History, lomiga 2. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 79; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 888–93.

  6. Gilbert W. Scharffs, Mormonism in Germany: A History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Germany between 1840 and 1970 (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1970), 91–93.

  7. James Perry, “Arthur Willmott of the Dunkirk Rear Guard,” uk.ChurchofJesusChrist.org/arthur-willmott-and-the-dunkirk-rear-guard; Colleen Whitley, “Prisoners of War: Minutes of Meetings of Latter-day Saint Servicemen Held in Stalag Luft 1, Barth, Germany,” BYU Studies, vol. 37, nu.1 (1997), 206–17; Elizabeth Maki, “‘Out of Captivity’: German Prisoner of War Finds Home in British Branch,” Pioneers in Every Land, history.churchofjesuschrist.org/content/pioneers-in-every-land/out-of-captivity; Hermann Mossner, “Mormon Pioneers in Southern Germany,” i le Bruce A. Van Orden, D. Brent Smith, ma Everett Smith Jr., faatonu., Pioneers in Every Land (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1997), 74–85.

  8. Na lipotia mai e le Ekalesia i le 1941 pe tusa ma le 82 pasene o tagata o le Ekalesia sa nonofo i siteki, ia sa faatulagaina i totonu o le Iunaite Setete i lea taimi, tagai i le “Statistical Report,” i le Ripoti o le Konafesi, Ape. 1941, 11. E sili atu i le 90 pasene o tagata o le Ekalesia sa nonofo i le Iunaite Setete i le 1950; tagai i le Brandon S. Plewe, eds., Mapping Mormonism: An Atlas of Latter-day Saint History (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 2012), s.v., “The Church in 1950.”

  9. Patrick Q. Mason, “‘When I Think of War I Am Sick at Heart’: Latter Day Saint Nonparticipation in World War I,” Journal of Mormon History, vol. 45, nu. 2 (Ape. 2019), 6–8.

  10. Thomas E. McKay, “Report of Conditions in the European Missions,” i le Conference Report, Ape. 1941, 12–13; Thomas E. McKay, Remarks, Oke. 3, 1941, i le Conference Report, Oke. 1941, 44–47.

  11. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (London: Vintage Books, 2011), x.

  12. Laurence Rees, The Holocaust: A New History (New York: PublicAffairs, 2017), 120–28; Aristotle Kallis, Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe (New York: Routledge, 2009), 198–200; Heather Panter, “LGBT+ Genocide: Understanding Hetero-nationalism and the Politics of Psychological Silence,” i le Yarin Eski, ed., Genocide and Victimology (New York: Routledge, 2021), 72–74.

  13. Jeffrey Burds, “Sexual Violence in Europe in World War II, 1939–1945,” Politics and Society, vol. 37, nu. 1 (2009), 35–73; Sabine Frühstück, “Sexuality and Sexual Violence,” mataupu 15 i le Michael Geyer and Adam Tooze, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3 volu. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 3:422–46.

  14. Alexander B. Downes, Targeting Civilians in War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2008), 115–55.

  15. Mark Philip Bradley, “Making Peace as a Project of Moral Reconstruction,” i le Geyer and Tooze, eds., The Cambridge History of the Second World War, 3:540–44; “Postwar Trials,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/war-crimes-trials.

  16. Roger P. Minert, “German and Austrian Latter-day Saints in World War II: An Analysis of the Casualties and Losses,” Mormon Historical Studies, vol. 11, nu. 2 (2010), 9; tagai foi i le Sarah Jane Weaver, “World War II: Preserving History of LDS in Conflict,” Church News, 2 Iuni, 2000, https://thechurchnews.com/archives/2000-05-27/world-war-ii-preserving-history-of-lds-in-conflict-118922.